Firework: using M, BULB setting, widest aperture, minimum ISO, manual focus--infinite length. >> Hold shutter from the start (boom sound) to the end or > 20s if BULB is not used.
Sunset: using P, minimum ISO >> half shutter click:focusing at the brightest area:AE lock, then move to the frame we want >> under exposure a bit should help getting better picture
Indoor with many bright windows: using overexposure, try +2/3 EV and see how it looks. Then tweak a bit to get the right one.
Moon: (darn hard -_-) Part1 (testing): using Av, ISO 100, AF-point center, f/8 for mid-range zoom or whatever depending on how good your gear is. >> press shutter halfway at the brightest part of the moon, check shutter speed. [roughly 1/250s @ISO 100 when full moon]
Part2 (taking): using M, ISO 100, same f, a bit slower shutter speed than we got in part 1 >> focus at the bright edge of the moon, take a shot; then adjust shutter for the best.
note: using remote shutter and/or mirror lockup are preferred.